Representation of Interests Matrix and Paper Essay

Within Public Policy there are different interests that are affected once the issue has been brought forward to the government by citizens who are sending e-mails, or telephone calls advising of the issues that are affecting society, what the citizens do not know is that with every issue within public policy that has to be passed by the government and attempted to get resolved has a significant affect or groups and organizations. The identified groups and organizations represent my interests in a significant manner because due to my profession I am aware that crime has been a problem for society for quite a long time, I am aware that there has been multiple attempts to reduce crime, such as the hiring of more police officers, programs that protect victims and witnesses of a crime. Therefore I believe crime is a significant interest. As for education experiencing affects by public policy, I think this is by far the most important. I have a child and am extremely aware of the problems that have affected our education systems significantly due to the lack of financial support from the government and also the increase in college education, books, etc. I am aware of the government attempting to clear the tax deficit and financial problem that our country is currently facing, but education is not the way to do it. As for the other remaining identified groups such as Foreign policy, Health care, and Social Welfare, they also represent my interests in a significant manner. For example Health care, has affected me significant due to our president passed the new reform my employer checks have significantly dropped from what I used to gross monthly, due to the fact that we are taking a hit because we are assisting those with no medical health care and those who are receiving assistance from the government, such as parolees and prior drug addicts, or convicts. The groups represent my interest by all means, ultimately besides us taxpayers who are affected based off the government trying to accommodate all the citizens who continue to write emails requesting assistance for the interests that are affected by public policy. As for any instanc es in which my interests compete with one another, Yes they are significant. For example, Health care and Social Welfare go hand in hand for me. The reason that these two interests go hand in hand for me is because once gain based on my work and what I have been exposed to during the military and also being familiar with the cost of healthcare, I take it as an offense to provide for those who personally do not deserve Healthcare. I strongly believe that if your not physically incapable of working, or able to care for yourself, or gravely disabled I will be the first one to help these citizens. As for Social Welfare, I also believe that the government is to lenient on how they assist the needed. Some of the interest that I chose are significant to me and my family and loved ones, but I think that the most interest affected by public policy that is in conflict with those of the general public will have to be healthcare. I remember i was working the day when our president passed the new Healthcare reform, and how citizens were running outside the streets celebrating that they will now have medical assistance. At first I did not think anything of it until the following morning during Roll Call when we were advised by our lieutenant that it will affect us significantly especially financially. As the months went by I started to notice my checks to get smaller and smaller. I am aware that the general public’s thinking is different than mine, but do not get me wrong I will be the first one to help someone I have been doing it for 13 years of my life, but when citizens take advantage that is when I have a problem. In conclusion I have provided my own personal opinions of how my identified groups represent my own personal interests, I also provided examples on what means do my groups use to represent my interests. I also debated on instances in that my interests compete with one another. Finally I was precise and straight forward on my interests and how some of them conflict with those of the general public. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy http://www.palgrave-journals.com/iga/journal/v1/n2/full/iga20129a.html

The Glass Ceiling

This paper addresses two articles, Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership written by Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli, and A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, written by Debra E. Meyerson and Joyce K. Fletcher. The phrase glass ceiling is described in many articles as a barrier that prevents women from achieving success in their careers. Women are found at the top of middle management and are being denied of higher positions in the corporate ladder and are getting paid less than men for similar type of work. Both articles address the question whether is the glass ceiling the reason why women are not getting advancement in their careers or it is the sum of many obstacles that hold women back into the high level jobs. According to the authors of both articles, the answer to this question is that it is not the glass ceiling the barrier for women’s advancement. To understand and overcome these barriers, the authors of the articles have used terms such as labyrinth and small wins strategy. According to Meyerson and Fletcher, it is not the glass ceiling but the organizational structures and its hidden barriers to equity and effectiveness what are holding back women. This paper will explore the author’s recommendations for overcoming these barriers and for helping women prevail by changing workplace’s practices in organizations. Overview The two articles chosen to write this abstract have been selected from the Harvard Business Review. In the first article, Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership, the word labyrinth is described as a contemporary symbol that â€Å"conveys the idea of a complex journey toward a goal worth striving for† (Walls all around section, para. 1). If women are able to understand the barriers in this labyrinth, they will be able to overcome many obstacles they encounter. Throughout awareness and persistency during the process, women will have a much better chance to obtain their desirable goals in their careers. In the article A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, the authors mentioned that is very rare to find women holding high evel positions in organizations. Women represent only 10% of senior manager positions in Fortune 500 companies. According to Meyerson and Fletcher, the best way to destroy this glass ceiling is throughout the use of the small wins approach. Main Issues In the article Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership, the term labyrinth is described as what wo men have to go through in the workplace to be able to occupy high level roles. Woman who desire top positions, will encounter barriers during the journey, and some of them will be able to find solutions to those obstacles to improve the situation. Some of the obstacles or barriers named in the article are (a) prejudice; (b) resistance to women’s leadership; (c) leadership style;(d) demands of family life; (e) underinvestment in social capital. Prejudice The beginning of the labyrinth starts here with prejudices that hurt women and help men. Women in this country, with full time positions, earn 81 cents for every dollar than men earned (Vestiges of prejudice section, para. 1). Research has been done by many professionals seeking an answer to explain the difference in pay between genders. One of the most comprehensive studies, from the Government Accountability office, showed that men worked more hours per year and also had more years of experience (Vestiges of prejudice, para. 3). Even though variables such as marriage, parenthood and years of education were adjusted for both genders, the study showed a gender gap that lead to wage discrimination (Vestiges of Prejudice section, para. 4). According to Eagly and Carli, men are promoted more quickly than women with equivalent qualifications even in female settings such as social work and education (para. 5). The authors add that â€Å"White men were more likely to attain managerial positions than white women, black men, and black women† (Vestiges of prejudice section, para. 5). Resistance to Women’s Leadership The author describes women as having communal associations and men with agentic ones. Women are compassionate, affectionate, friendly and sympathetic among other communal qualities. On the other hand, men are described with agentic qualities such as aggressive, ambitious, controlling, etc, which are associated with effective leadership (Resistance to women’s leadership section, para. 3). Eagly and Carli consider that women are at a tough place, which she describes as the â€Å"double bind†, because people perceive women as lacking the right traits to be effective leaders (Resistance to women leadership section, para. 4). Women who are described by the peers as effective managers possess the following traits: insincere, avaricious, and pushy amongst others ((Resistance to women’s leadership section, para. 11). Leadership Style Women are struggling with people’s perceptions about by being compassionate and caring. Qualities such as assertive and controlling are perceived by people on great leaders. According to Meyerson and Fletcher, women are considered as transformational leaders. They encourage employees, and mentor them to achieve desired goals. It is described as the type of leadership that leads to a more innovating, productive and efficient for organizations (Issues of leadership style section, para. 6). Transactional leaders are described as leaders that reward employees for meeting their goals. Men are considered to be more transactional leaders than women. According to the article, the most effective type of leadership is the transformational style. Demands of Family Life. Studies showed that women are working less hours a year than men and have fewer years of experience due to family responsibilities. Women are confronted with the challenge of balancing work and family responsibilities. Many of them end up leaving their professional careers due to work-family conflict. According to the authors, in 2005 women devoted 19 hours per week to household work, while men just helped 11 hours a week (Demands of family life section, para. 3). Meyerson and Fletcher explain that married mothers increased their hours per week from 10. 6 in 1965 to 12. in 2000, and married fathers increased theirs from 2. 6 to 6. 5 week (Demands of family life section, para. 4). Underinvestment in Social Capital Women are trying to balance their responsibilities at home and at work which leaves them little or no time to build the social capital needed to succeed in the workplace. Another obstacle encountered by women is the fact that these networking activiti es are mostly composed by men who concentrate their meetings in male activities. The C-suite is described by the author as those positions such as chairman, chief executive officer and chief operating office. These positions are held mostly by men and only 6% hold by women (para. 1). The authors mention the following organization actions to help women obtain positions in the C-suites (a) Increase people awareness of prejudices against women; (b) change hours spent at work; (c) be more objective in the evaluations; (d) use transparent recruitment within the organization; (e) place more women in executive positions; (f) help women build strong social capital; (g) give women opportunity to return back to work when circumstances change. The second article, A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling mentions the difficulties women confront in organizations to work effectively: (a) women bear more responsibility at home than men; (b) women who have a set schedule missed important company meeting set after hours; (c) missing meetings made them look less committed; (e) meetings put women in a double bind (The problem with no name section, para. 5). Meyerson and Fletcher mention three different approaches that have dealt with the solution to the symptoms of gender inequity (a) encourage women to assimilate to minimize the differences. In other words to act more like men; (b) accommodates women’s needs and situations such as extended maternity leave, flexible work arrangements, etc; (c) emphasize the differences that women bring to the workforce such as their collaborative style (Tall people in a short world, para. 5). The fourth approach mentioned by the authors, deal with sources of gender inequity. This approach consists on the belief that a change is needed in the organization due to a gender inequity problem. After recognizing the issue, this fourth approach should be linked with the small wins strategy (A fourth approach: Linking equity and effectiveness, para. 2). The article mentions the reason why the small wins process is so effective for organizations (a) tied to the fourth approach help organizations to understand erroneous practices and assumptions; (b) make a difference in the big picture in the road to change; (c) create sense that a small change is a huge and systematic change and have great impact throughout the organization; (d) have a snowballing effect. By adding small wins, one by one, it will create a whole new system of revised practices and efforts; (e) defeat discrimination by accepting that change is needed and that it will help the organization’s effectiveness. Factual Impact of the Main Issues in Organizations Labyrinths can be thought of as a symbolic form of pilgrimage. As paths, women walk among its turnings confronting difficult situations that need to be managed along the way. What it is important for women it is to know that the passage for the labyrinth is not simple journey. It requires for women to be aware on their progress and also to be persistent to navigate it. Organizations need to be proactive about taking measures to understand the labyrinth that leader women confront in the workplace. Building unique leadership traits with a supportive work environment will help them to overcome the barriers to obtain the desire goals. To be more effective, organizations need to support women by becoming advocates for female to advance as managers finding endless opportunities for promotion. Organizations need to understand that women had slowed their careers and earnings for taking the majority of family responsibilities. Thus, the implication for organizations is that women are choosing to work part time, work from home or take many days off from work. Another implication for organizations, it is the need to address the challenge for women to be perceived as capable leaders. The article describes this challenge as the double bind term where women at the workplace have to please both expectations in organizations, one as leaders and one as females. Meyerson and Fletcher explain that â€Å"Most organizations have been created by men and for men and are based on male experiences† (The roots of inequity section, para. 1). Women have been entered in the workplace confronting the fact that organizations still embrace traits associated with men such as though, aggressive, assertive, etc. Organizations must develop a culture of fairness by creating practices that benefit both men and women where the division of labor by gender does not exist and where women feel that they add an enormous value and feel as competent as men. Also, organizations should foster a work environment that values working parents. It is crucial to create structures and policies where work and family complement each other and where women have the opportunity to fulfill their careers without felling guilty of abandoning their families. In the second article the authors described how important is to shatter the glass ceiling using the small wins strategy. Since this strategy initiates change using diagnosis, dialogue, and experimentation, it promotes efficiency and efficiency within the organizations. The authors add, â€Å"The strategy benefits not just women but also men and the organization as a whole† (para. 4). The organization during this strategy go through the follow steps (a) the diagnosis of the problem in which managers dialogue to find out what is happening within the organization culture; (b) experimentation where correctives practices are replaced to obtain real wins. Text Comparison According to Greenhaus et al (2010), the glass ceiling is â€Å"an invisible but impenetrable barrier that prevents qualified women and people of color from advancing to senior management jobs† (p. 321). The text agrees with the authors of the two articles, about the fact that even though the number of women in managerial positions had risen dramatically, women are experiencing difficulties in getting jobs above lower and middle managerial positions. For the authors of the article, Women and The Labyrinth of Leadership, the glass ceiling is a barrier which limitations are fading. Women are facing are not only barriers, but what they describe as a labyrinth. It has obstacles and turns. For the authors of A Modest Manifesto for Shattering The Glass Ceiling, the glass ceiling is not the reason why women are holding back. The main reason, they affirm, are the organizations in which women work. The authors state that it is â€Å"the foundation, the beams, the walls, the very air† (The power of small wins section, para. 7). Greenhaus et al (2010) identified factors that organizations can seek to support women advance in their careers such as (a) giving more authority; (b) inclusion to formal networks; (c) establishment of mentor relationships; (d) mutual accommodation; (e) elimination of access and treatment discrimination; (f) minimal intergroup conflicts; and (f) responsiveness to work-Family issues (p. 33). Eagly and Carli mention some these actions such as (a) establishing mentoring programs; (b) using job performance assessments that are not biased against minority employees; (c) using open recruiting tools; (d) implement family-friendly policies for both male and female employees; (e) emphasize the visibility of women in high-level leadership positions. Debra Meyerson and Joyce Fletcher explain the need for organizations to address the power of small wins since â€Å"they unearth and upend systemic arriers to women’s progress (The power of small wins section, para. 1). According to Greenhaus et al (2010), it is the glass ceiling that limits opportunities to minorities to develop and reach top management positions in America (p. 323). They authors add that â€Å"The small portion of women at senior management level suggest that many women do not move beyond jobs in lower and middle levels of management† (p. 323). For the text authors the glass ceiling, in contrast with the authors of the articles, is about managing diversity since organizations are in need to understand why women and minorities experience restricted careers opportunities. According to Greenhaus et al (2010), organizations must develop a culture where employees understand multiculturalism that is the heart of the organization’s mission that must be communicated and enforced at all levels (p. 349).ReferencesEagly, A. H., Carli, L.L. (2007). Harvard business review. Women and the labyrinth of leadership. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2007/09/women-and-the-labyrinth-of-leadership/ar/2 Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G.A., Godshalk, V.M. (2010). Career management. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE publications Inc. Meyerson, D. E., Fletcher, J.K. (2000). Harvard business review. A Modest manifesto for shattering the glass ceiling. Retrieved from http://hbr.org/2000/01/a-modest-manifesto-for-shattering-the-glass-ceiling/ar/1

Analysis and ploicy Tom Ltd and Jerry Ltd

3.With reference to your ratio calculations, comment on the importance of identifying accounting policy choices when comparing ratios for entities, or when comparing ratios for a single entity over time? Return on Equity = Profit available to shareholders / Equity   Profit Margin = Net profit / Revenue Current Ratio = Current assets / current liabilities Assets Turnover = Net Sales / Total assets Debt Ratio = Total liabilities / total assets The performance of a company is measured by its profitability and efficiency ratios. The profitability ratios included in the above table are return on assets, return on equity and profit margin. Asset turnover is the efficiency ratio. Jerry Ltd has a higher profitability as compared to Tom ltd as all the profitability ratios for the company is higher. This is majorly because of one expense that is the depreciation expense which is higher for Tom Ltd. ad this expense has made all the difference. The net profit of Tom Ltd. is less. Jerry Ltd has a higher return on assets ratio because it has higher earnings before tax and expenses and also lower total assets. Tom Ltd has taken the fair value of the property, plant and equipment. This reflects a higher value of the non – current assets, thus increasing the total assets. Also the depreciation has been applied on this fair value of property, plant and equipment, thus giving higher depreciation expenses. Therefore, Tom Ltd has lower net profits and higher total assets leading to a low return on assets. Tom Ltd has a lower return on equity due to lower net profits available to its shareholders and also a higher value of the equity. This coupled effect has reduced the return on equity for Tom Ltd. whereas Jerry Ltd. has a higher return on equity due to higher net profits and a lower equity value. This means Jerry Ltd is providing higher returns to its shareholders. Jerry Ltd has a higher profit margin due to increased net profit. The revenue for both the companies is the same. As a result of difference in the net profit, the profit margin is different for both the companies. Jerry Ltd. gives higher returns on its sales. Jerry Ltd. has a better assets turnover ratio. This is because it has lower total assets. Jerry records its assets at the historical cost due to which the total assets appear lower on the balance sheet. For Tom Ltd. the assets are recorded at fair value which is higher than the historical cost, thus the total assets value appears higher for Tom Ltd. on the balance sheet. The revenue for both the companies is the same. A higher assets turnover ratio means that the company is able to utilize its assets efficiently in generating sales. With lower total assets, Jerry Ltd. is able to generate the same amount of revenue as Tom Ltd. thus indicating better utilization of assets to generate sales. Thus from the above analysis of the profitability and efficiency ratios, we see that Jerry Ltd. ahs a better performance in both the categories. The difference in the performance is solely based on the difference in the accounting policies of depreciation and recording of fixed assets in the balance sheet. The financial position of the company is measured through the liquidity and the solvency ratios. In the above table, current ratio is the liquidity ratio and debt ratio is the solvency ratio. The current ratio measures the short term liquidity of the company. It measures if the company has sufficient current assets to pay for its current obligations. Both the companies have the same current ratio. The current ratio of both companies is 3.7. This means the current assets are 3.7 times the current liabilities. This shows high liquidity of both the companies. Both companies have enough current assets to pay for their current liabilities, thus making them highly liquid. The ideal current ratio is 2. The debt ratio is a long term solvency ratio and measures the ability of a company to pay for its assets with its liabilities.(John, Subramanyam, Halsey, 2007) 3. Ratio analysis is majorly used by firms to analyse the performance and also for making financial performance comparisons between two companies. However, there are certain limitations of ratio analysis. One such limitation is on account of the use of different accounting policy being used by the two firms in question. Like in the above case, though both the firms are identical in all their revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities but the only difference lies in the accounting policy relating to measurement of fixed assets of plant property and equipment. The firm which records the fixed assets at the historical cost has recorded the asset at the lower value since the fair value of the asset is higher as per current market prices. Hence, the value of fixed assets of Tom Ltd. is higher than Ltd. This has affected the profit through depreciation charges. The depreciation is calculated on the carrying values of the plant and machinery. Tom Ltd. has higher depreciation charges becaus e of high value of the same assets as possessed by Jerry Ltd. therefore the profits of Tom Ltd. have been reduced by that amount. Also both the companies use different deprecation methods. Jerry Ltd uses diminishing value method of depreciation and Tom Ltd. uses straight line method. Under diminishing method of depreciation, higher depreciation charges are applied in the initial years and lower in the later years. Under straight line method, same percentage of depreciation is applied every year. Due to this difference in accounting policy, the depreciation charges differ for both the companies, and they have a direct impact on the profits. This affects the financial performance of the companies.(Alayemi, 2015) Even for a single firm, ratio analysis may yield misleading results for two years where accounting policy has been changed over the years. Let’s say if the company has changed its accounting policy on measuring the company’s plant and machinery from historical cost to the fair value. This will have two effects, first a change in the value of fixed assets appearing on the balance sheet and the change in the depreciation charge which will directly impact the profits. Thus both financial performance and the financial position ratio results will change for the same company. Thus ratio analysis cannot be applied for companies using different accounting policies as for the same revenue and profits, the performance results may vary. Alayemi, S.A., (2015), Choice of Accounting Policy: Effects on Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements, American Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, Vol.1, No.3 John, J.W., Subramanyam, K.R., Halsey, R., (2007), Financial Statement Analysis, 9 th edition, New Delhi, Tata McGraw- Hill Khan, M.Y., Jain, P.K., (2005), Basic Financial Management, second edition, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Financial Markets and Institutions, Part 2 Essay

Financial Markets and Institutions, Part 2 - Essay Example Financial institutions on the other hand makes the trade to run smoothly through rendering of loans, grants and other financial aids to firm and individual. Additionally, financial bodies accept the deficit units therefor enabling investors to access capital to establish companies and industries. Question 1. Analyze the role financial market playing creating economic wealth in the U.S. In the economy of United States of America financial markets plays several roles. This markets are usually seem to the backbone to American economy this is because many people in this country are wealth merchants who spend most of their time in business activities. With respect to their economy, trader maximizes the financial markets opportunity wisely in order to stabilize the economy of this country. The financial markets controls and transfers money from the persons with excess money with the needy ones. They help the students from difference institution to get loan, which they use to pay their scho ol fees, it also helps the government to get capital for its expenditure, business people are able to get funds and expand their operations. In order financial market to have funds to rent to the needy persons, business and households should be willingly to supply the excess funds to the financial market. ... Financial market gives them money in order they can use. For instance, student who are deficit units often borrows money from the financial markets to support themselves through their academic period, therefore in return after they get employed the excess/surplus tend to become surplus units through investment. But, after some years they may become deficit units by purchasing valuables such as homes. This is because at this duration they may be able to access good amount of money from financial institution (Madura, 2012). Investors access money from financial market through dispensing of securities which act as claim on the issuer. Borrowed funds are represented as debt thus they are known as debt securities. The excess unit that are bought as debt securities are called creditors because they get interest according to the basic duration. All debt securities have the maturity date, the time in which surplus units can be accessed or redeemed in order to earn the principal value from th e deficit units. Another, type of security is an equity security also known as stock. Stock represents the owner of a business. Most of the business prefer to give stock more than debit security if they require money, nevertheless the required fund sometimes might not be financially able to make a periodic payments on interest for the debt securities (Madura, 2012). Financial markets are classified according to the amount of fund they give inform of loans and grants. These classifications involves, primary versus secondary markets, accommodating corporate finance need and finally accommodating investment needs. Primary verses secondary market supports an issuance of current securities where else secondary markets enable the existing businesses to grow that results to smooth

Concept of hijab and niqab in arab countries Research Paper

Concept of hijab and niqab in arab countries - Research Paper Example The use of the niqab and the hijab in Arab countries may be explainable through delving into the history of their use and the justifications thereof. Of all the types of headscarf won by Muslim girls and women, the hijab is the most common. Its coverage of the body involves the head and neck but excludes the face (Ad-Darsh, and Siddiqi, 2003). The scarf may be of different colors to match the outfit the lady dons. Another headdress in common use among Muslim women is the niqab. The niqab not only covers the head but also covers the whole face, save for the eyes. It covers up to the mid-back and mid-chest. The veil is most common in Arab countries. Of the two, most scholars are in agreement that the hijab is obligatory whereas only a few think that the niqab is obligatory (Ad-Darsh, and Siddiqi, 2003). There are claims that the origin of the niqab may have been the Byzantine Empire where it was a form of dress among women in certain classes. Muslims then adopted it during the Arab conquest in the Middle East (Eltahawy, 2015). Many claim that the rationale of the niqab is within the Quran and Hadith. Hijab refers to the obligation to be modest in dressing. According to many Muslims, the Quran requires modesty by both men and women when in public. Many scholars quote the Quran to draw a justification for the use of both the niqab and hijab as an obligation (Asser, 2006). One such verse is Quran 24:31. In the verse, the faithful women have an obligation to cover their private parts and desist from exposing their beauty unless it is unavoidable. Their scarf should also cover their bosom. However, others claim that the Quran does not make the niqab obligatory. For them, only the hijab is obligatory. Proponents of the niqab as being an obligatory claim that in Quran 33:59, Prophet Muhammad instructs his wives, daughters and believing women that it is necessary for them to cover themselves with outer garments. Scholars, therefore, use the

English language (meaning) linguistics you can find every thing in the Essay

English language (meaning) linguistics you can find every thing in the file - Essay Example The primary objective of this model is to distinguish between sense stored in semantic memory and the central sense associated with radial category. This model has been found useful when applied to a range of lexical categories like prepositions, verbs and nouns. It has also been used successfully in several languages other than English. In the scope of this paper, Cognitive Semantics as a field will be discussed, recapitulated and defined. Cognitive linguistics and polysemy may be themselves analysed and commented on from time to time. Terms like ‘polysemy fallacy’ will also be defined and discussed in the process. The paper attempts to critically review the salient features of this model and discuss its significance in the study of semantics in general. Works by Vyvyan Evans are cited most frequently in this essay. Andrea Tyler and Stephen Levinson are two other theorists whose works were also greatly significant in the writing of this paper. There will be a practical application of a cognitive semantic analysis of the much commented upon English word ‘over’, including applied ‘Principled Polysemy’ as demonstrated by Tyler and Evans in 2001. Â  This paper will first discuss and trace the field the development of the field of cognitive semantics, critically review the approaches of truth-conditional and relevance theory schools and come to a conclusion regarding the present significance of the cognitive semantics field. Words: 361 Words Critical Review: 1. Background: What is Cognitive Semantics? The study of cognitive semantics took off in the 1970s, largely as a protest against the objectivist trend of American and English traditions of philosophy (Evans & Green, 2006). The predominant stance taken by theorists of the time belonged to the school of the ‘truth-conditional semantics’. Eve Sweetser describes this school as: ‘By viewing meaning as the relationship between words and the world, truth-condi tional semantics eliminates cognitive organization from the linguistic system’(Sweetser, 1990). In almost direct opposition to this, cognitive semantics sees meaning as the manifestation of conceptual structure. In other words, mental representation, in all its diverse and multi-faceted form, is highlighted. A leading practitioner of cognitive semantics in the 1970s, Leonard Talmy, has described it thus: ‘[R]esearch on cognitive semantics is research on conceptual content and its organization in language’ (Talmy, 2000). i) Principles of Cognitive Semantics: Cognitive Semantics accepts a few principles as its central concerns: That conceptual structure is ‘embodied’, i.e., abstractions are turned into concrete conceptions by the embodiment of experience. That semantic structure is itself such a conceptual structure. Representation of meaning is ‘encyclopaedic’, i.e., words do not represent neat bundles of meaning but are points of access (Evans & Green, 2006). Construction of meaning is also conceptualisation. To expand on this, serially, the embodiment of conceptual structure refers to the abstract conceptions that with the help of the backdrop of context, whether social or otherwise, get condensed into concrete ‘

Rebuttal Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rebuttal Argument - Essay Example Furthermore, studying the article is necessary in order to acknowledge that there are companies that consider diversity training as one of the tools that led their companies into success. According to Dobbin, Kalev, and Kelly, diversity training is an expensive training tool. The researchers added that this process only has extremely few and even no effects on companies that practice diversity training. Also, diversity training is only present because it is mandated by law. Furthermore, this obligatory training cannot at all eliminate biases that are already engraved within employees (611). One of the points of the article is that diversity training does not work. Nonetheless, it is important to provide a concrete definition of diversity training that can easily be grasped by the audience. This may be a small part of the argument, but defining it in a simpler manner will bring light to the heavy issue being tackled. In this case, it is essential to define diversity training as a prog ram that enables employees and future employees to give importance to diversity. This training also aims in lessening discrimination in the workplace (Ford and Fisher qtd. in Konrad, Prasad, and Pringle 63). Furthermore, in any business, it is essential to be constantly reminded that the employees are the most vital tool for the success of a company. Therefore, with this fact, it is inevitable that a company or a business will fund for the continuous training and learning of its employees, which also include diversity training. The article emphasizes, as supported by a research that there have been no positive implications of diversity training. It cited that there has been no increase of female or minority managers in companies. However, it is indispensable to acknowledge that diversity training does not only aim to increase the number of female or minority managers, but it aims to allow an efficient and productive working environment for every individual. Such as in Sodexo, a serv ice company that manages food and facilities services which incorporates diversity learning materials to its business philosophies. The company had successfully incorporated diversity training in all aspect of the company which led the company to$14.8 billion revenue (Anand and Winters 363). In addition, diversity training aims to discuss the similarities and differences of every individual and to inform every employee of the legalities of prejudices in the working environment (Tropp 183). Also, diversity training is composed of different methods and approaches; therefore, holistically considering it with no positive implications to a company will be unfair. The different approaches and methods bring different results, and with a continuous improvement and usage of different approaches, a company will eventually find the right model for its industry and employees. Also, in the article, it cited that diversity training produces backlash and that it could also produce and ignite biase s. Moreover, the result of the study also shows that there is the stereotypes and the biases that are already inculcated within the employees cannot be easily diminished in a one-day seminar or workshop in relation to diversity in the workplace (Dobbin, Kalev, and Kelly 591 and 611). In contrary, diversity training must be inculcated in every employee and must become a habit. It is

Multilateral diplomacy and bilateral diplomacy Coursework

Multilateral diplomacy and bilateral diplomacy - Coursework Example Traditional bilateralism also hinged on the premise that physical presence and diplomatic interaction is an essential prerequisite for acquisition of knowledge, understanding and appreciation about each other’s history, culture and environment. Establishing of permanent embassies with missions, ambassadors and consulates for exchange of diplomatic representation between national governments had been precisely to demonstrate bilateral diplomacy through internal adaptation of the geopolitical realities of domestic and regional pressures, external to the participant countries. In the spirit of â€Å"each for himself, and God for us all† stated aptly by the erstwhile British Foreign Secretary Canning, the justification for the existence of its structure lies in the continuing significance of states as entities, for keeping interstate relations alive, aided by modern day technology. The bilateral negotiation of a nuclear test ban between the Cold War compatriots, Soviet Unio n and the U.S at the Conference on Disarmament led to the CTBT -Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which was formulated having positive multilateral overtones on several other nuclear nations that got roped in subsequently. This outcome in the nuclear domain substantiates Thomas Nowotny’s first comment that multilateral diplomacy with widespread ratification indeed, not only turned out to be an adjunct to bilateral diplomacy between the two super powers, but also their inseparability for troubleshooting of critical problems. The limitations of bilateral diplomacy when viewed globally get exposed in the modern context of seeking solutions to complex problems have far reaching consequences to the vast comity of nations. The problematic Human Rights (HR) issue is one, which encompasses women, children, disabled persons, elderly persons, migrants, minorities, refugees, HIV/AIDS afflicted persons and HR defenders to name a few, with its manifestations unique to each country. Growing

The Student Motor Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Student Motor Company - Case Study Example In order to mitigate the competitive challenges The Student Motor Company invented a subcompact car i.e. Zinger. The normal preproduction testing along with the development of automobiles usually takes around forty-three months. However, the management team of the concerned company had consented for the production of the new car i.e. Zinger within two years. While test driving, the management had analyzed two vital faults within the car being manufactured. In this regard, it has been determined that the company used gasoline tank and the tank had been fixed in a way that a crash would create a puncture in the tank. Moreover, the design also entailed the risk of gasoline entering the driver’s chamber and any further ignite can lead to massive flames (Fall 1-4). Another fault as determined within the production of Zinger is the emission standard. It has been noted that it is the responsibility of the company to meet the emission standards before sale because after the sale it is the responsibility of the owner to abide by the emission standards. Zinger was launched in the market without considering the manufacturing defects. It has been further noted that the director of the company claimed that if the manufacturing department has involved standards to minimize the explosion risk then it would have raised the price of the product. Considering these aspects, it can be viewed that the company did not meet the ethical standard. ... Due to the company’s unethical decisions, the customers faced life risk situation (Fall 1-4). Q2. The ethical standards that might have been considered in resolving this dilemma is to stop the launch of the vehicle. In this regard, it can be ascertained that the company’s management or its stakeholders might have undertaken measures to mitigate the manufacturing defects. The research and development department might have put more effort in the establishment of a product that would be beneficial for the society. In this aspect, it can be ensured that this particular ethical standard has not been met by the company. This has resulted in the vital loss of the customers who purchased the car. This is the major consequence pertaining to the ethical standard that can affect the society at large (Fall 1-4). The following ethical initiative that can be mitigated by implementing certain alternative measures is meeting the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standard. In further discussion, it can be revealed that the company might have followed the emission standards incorporated within EPA. According to the EPA emission standard it is the responsibility of the company to meet the standard before the sale of the products. The Student Motor Company had not ensured emission standards before the sale of Zinger. This will lay greater consequences on the customers. This is because the emission standard of EPA reveals that after the sale of the car, it is the responsibility of the customers to mitigate the emission standard. It is difficult for the customers to gain immediate information on emission standards. In keeping with the economic alternatives, the company might have assured a better

About What Writes Andrew Sullivan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About What Writes Andrew Sullivan - Assignment Example The essay starts with a question, a common question, the answer to which we all know but ignore since we are too busy. The answer to the question raised by Sullivan is Yes, we all miss a lot when we have our earphones plugged in our ears and we are listening to the music of our choice which makes us oblivious to our surroundings. Sullivan describes his visit to New York, where he observes the silence in the crowd of millions which makes him feel less alive in once called a city of life. According to Sullivan, everyone in the city had a white cord coming out of their ears and going in their pockets where the precious iPhones playing the music of their choice resided. Everyone seemed dumbfounded, everywhere in the city he went, he found people not talking to each other, not communicating with each other but listening to music. Music which was once a mode of communication and sharing now becomes the sole reason for this silence and imprisonment of souls. Sullivan’s essay beautifully describes what is wrong with our current society. He gives a simple example of people listening to their own songs and not communicating with the each other and explains the death of our culture and society. The change in our society has been explained in this essay with the examples of apple store being turned into churches where people would go every Sunday and offer their prayers. The only difference between an apple store and a church is that in a church people actually pray. Also, Sullivan explains that too much use of technology has led to this failure of culture and the devastating change in our society. We rely more on technology than on each other these days.

Competition in American Elections Essay Example for Free

Competition in American Elections Essay Elections are a crucial element of representative democracy. They are the direct link between citizens and their representatives in government: if the public approves of their elected officials’ actions, they continue to vote them back into office; if the public doesn’t like how things are going in the government, they vote for other candidates with different ideas. The electorate has to have this choice between candidates in order to effectively express their preferences. However, if the incumbent or incumbent party seems certain to win, a vote for a new candidate would be of little value: the election is not competitive; therefore, the public is hindered from voting into office a candidate that represents their true interests. It is therefore essential to examine the true meaning of what makes an election competitive and to determine whether American elections of various types adhere to this requirement. The literature competitiveness in elections is extensive, but all definitions more or less come down to the question of whether or not someone other than the winner might have won (had circumstances been different, had the opposition campaigned more effectively, had the public been more welcoming to the opposition’s ideas, etc.). A very minimalistic definition of a competitive election is given by Hyde and Marinov (2012) in the form of three criteria: â€Å"opposition is allowed, multiple parties are legal, and more than one candidate competes† (p. 192). Five requirements for determining if an election was competitive are given by Janowitz and Marvin (1955-1956): high levels of participation, political self-confidence and self-interest among the citizenry, effective public deliberation, a media not monopolized by one particular side, and campaigns operating mostly independently of the mass media (pp. 384-393). These criteria are meant to measure the degree to which the election represented a â€Å"process of consent† rather than a â€Å"process of manipulation†. Buchler (2007) defines competitive elections as those in which the candidates have about an equal chance of winning, or when their vote shares are about the sameso, the more the two-party vote for the winning candidate approaches 50%, the more competitive the election is. In their study on the effects of competition on legislator performance, Koninsky and Ueda (2011) define a competitive election as one in which the winner earned 90% or more of the two-party vote (p. 201), whereas Niemi et al. (2006) define competitive elections as those in which the winner received at least 60% of the two-party vote (cited in Koninsky and Ueda, p. 201). Such strictly defined, outcome-based requirements for electoral competitiveness have been criticized for being more or less arbitrary (Buchler, p. 336); however, for the purpose of this paper, such definitions are the most practical choice. The minimalistic definition of Hyde and Marinov is in fact too minimalistic for an examination of electoral competitiveness in America, where an open and democratic political process is an integral aspect of the Constitution itself. Janowitz and Marvins definition will be excluded for practical purposes because while the criteria to allow for analysis of electoral competitiveness pre-election, and therefore do not count as uncompetitive elections in which the opposition simply wasn’t strong enough, this method is much more suited to an in-depth study of a single election rather than a comparison between multiple election years and types because of the normative questions involved (the researchers in question used this method to examine the 1952 presidential election). While strictly statistical, outcome-based definitions of competitiveness are perhaps arbitrarily defined, they are simple and useful in studying electoral competitiveness over long periods. To avoid restraining myself to one statistic, I consider both the 60% requirement proposed by Niemi et al. and the 90% requirement used by Koninsky and Ueda. In order to study competition in presidential elections, I have compiled both the popular vote and Electoral College vote for the presidential elections since 1980. I only included data from the two candidates who received the most votes. I then calculated the percentage of the two-party vote (popular and Electoral College) received by each candidate. The percentage of the two-party popular vote received by any given winner of the presidency never exceeded 60%, and can, therefore, be considered competitive by both the 60% and 90% requirements. However, the results of the two-party Electoral College vote were not always so close. In fact, in seven out of the ten presidential elections held in the past 37 years, the percent of the two-party vote in the Electoral College received by the winning candidate exceeded 60%, and in two of these elections, this percentage exceeded 90%. Therefore, by our most strict definition of a competitive election, most presidential elections in the past th irty-seven years have not been competitive if we use the data provided by the Electoral College votes. This could suggest that the structure of America’s presidential elections (i.e., indirect vote via the Electoral College) compromises the competitiveness of our elections, as all the presidential elections examined were found to be competitive in the popular vote, but the Electoral College votewhich is, in fact, the deciding factor in who will become Presidentwas found to be uncompetitive in most cases. It is clear that the Electoral College does extrapolate the margin of victory of the winner, most clearly evidenced by the elections of 1980 and 1984, when Reagan was elected with a two-party popular vote of 55% and 59%, respectively, but by a 91% and 98% two-party vote in the Electoral College (Woolley and Gerhard 2017). I have employed the same method used for presidential elections to measure competitiveness in statewide elections in Missouri (Governor and United States Senator elections) and the district-based Missouri United States Representative elections (except that the Electoral College factor was not applicable). I have used the past five elections for each type of election; therefore I have gone back to 2000 for the Governor election data, to 2004 for the U.S. Senator data, and to 2008 for the U.S. Representative data. The elections for Missouri governors and U.S. Senators all fall within the 60% requirement off competitiveness. However, the U.S. House elections rarely satisfy this requirement (one out of eight districts in 2014, three out of nine districts in 2010, and one out of nine districts in 2008 had a two-party vote of less than 60% for the winner). None of the elections ever had a two-party vote that exceeded 90%, so these elections are competitive by Koninsky and Ueda’s req uirement (Ashcroft 2017, â€Å"Missouri Election Results† and â€Å"Previous Elections†). However, the disparity is obvious: while U.S. Representative elections are still competitive by the 90% test, they are generally nowhere near as competitive as state Governor, U.S. Senator, or presidential elections. This most likely arises as a result of gerrymandering, defined by Lowi et al. (2017) as the practice of drawing district maps that favor one party or the other based on the partisan makeup of different regions (p. 198). This practice reduces the competitiveness of districts so that the party that drew the map will have certain victory in most districts while allowing their opponents to win in a handful of districts where their party has the clear majority. For statewide and nationwide elections, this is not an option, but for district-based elections, gerrymandering is common practice. In response to a lack of competition in district-based elections, many propose intentionally drawing electoral districts to narrow the margin of victory and encourage more robust competition. There are many reasons to advocate for increased competition. As previously mentioned, the electorate cannot express its true preferences if election results are more or less determined in advance. According to Lowi et al., competition among politicians incentivizes them to reveal more information about themselves and about the other candidates, which in turn makes citizens more apt to pick the candidates that best represent their interests (p. 428). The threat of competition incentivizes elected officials to steer clear of corrupt practices and to remain responsive to their constituency to ensure re-election (Brunell and Clarke 2012, p. 124). This same threat also means that officials elected in competitive elections are more active lawmakers (Koninsky and Ueda, p. 199). And according to Huckfe ldt et al. (2007), while electoral competitiveness does not seem to produce any direct effect on turnout, it still has an indirect effect in that parties and candidates put more campaign effort into competitive elections, which in turn encourages higher turnout (p. 809). Indeed, the word â€Å"competition† often has a very positive connotation in American culture. This is natural, as it is the founding block of the free market system which our country has embraced possibly more than any other country. It may, therefore, come as a surprise that not all scholars advocate competition in the electoral sphere. A fairly intuitive, though the easily disregarded aspect of competition in elections is that as the margin of victory decreases, the number of people who voted for losing candidates increases. Brunell and Clarke argue that these people are more dissatisfied with the outcome of the election and feel that their interests are not being represented in government (p. 125). A study conducted by Bowler and Donovan (2011) suggests that increased competition leads to dissatisfaction in the electorate because people dislike being exposed to politics (p. 159). Janowitz and Marvin argue that high levels of competition divide the electorate and disintegra te more moderate, compromise-oriented groups (p. 400). It would seem that competitive elections, while allowing the public to hold elected officials accountable to their constituents, also lead to less happy constituents in general. Buchler goes on to point out that in order to draw competitive districts, the actual partisan makeup of the electorate must be disregarded, and a smaller margin of victory increases the chances of an error in the declared winner (pp. 333, 336). So when we draw districts to be more competitive, we may end up with representatives who do not actually represent the people to any significant degree. While the arguments for and against electoral competition seem valid, it is important to distinguish which definition of â€Å"competitive† we are actually working with. For example, while the 60% requirement proposed by Niemi et al. judges that nearly all U.S. House elections in Missouri were non-competitive, the more minimalistic model proposed by Hyde and Marinov would classify all of the elections studied in this paper as competitive simply because they were truly democratic elections. At the same time, the broadest definition of a competitive election used, the 90% definition proposed by Koninsky and Ueda, would define nearly all of the elections studied as competitive. I doubt that those who wish for less electoral competition because of its divisive effect on the electorate would suggest that the two-party vote for the winning candidate must exceed 90% every time, just to keep people happy. The obvious gerrymandering that takes place in redistricting maps is not to be t aken lightly, but the solution is not necessarily an effort to draw more competitive districts. As Buchler (2005, cited in Buchler 2007) argues, an unbiased map is the best way to ensure true representation of the citizens of a given region, even if the map is, in fact, uncompetitive (p. 333). Perhaps this is what we should really be working towards the true ideological representationrather than the potentially random results that come from toss-up districts.

People and IT Essay Example for Free

People and IT Essay Both employees of organizations and managers are today increasingly concerned about the capacity of organizations to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. The rate of change in the technological, economic, political, and sociocultural environments is picking up speed, and organizations are, therefore, finding it more and more important to figure out how to adapt. What is happening in a number of organizations is more fundamental still, however, in that either what the organization does is fundamentally dependent on information technology and/or its capacity to compete with other organizations in the field is fundamentally affected by the use made of information technology (IT). Ever since at least 1958, when Leavitt and Whisler (1958) predicted that the use of IT would lead to the demise of middle management, researchers have speculated about the effects of IT on organizations. Even though many of the early predictions have not come true, new kinds of information technology are now increasingly affecting how people work, often in ways that we are just beginning to understand. As the cost of the underlying technology continues to drop, IT is almost certain to become more and more pervasive and may even make possible new kinds of work organization that we can as yet only barely imagine. This work discusses the relationship between the use of IT and people. The paper reviews theories that can help analyze organizations, technology, and the link between the two. It also reviews the results of empirical studies of the use of IT to determine what changes have been made in the past and can be expected in the future. Our goal here is both to predict inevitable impacts and to discover possible outcomes, both good and bad. Our ability to develop technology itself is probably more advanced than our theories of organizations, but our understanding of the uses of technology is probably behind our understanding of organizations. It is still difficult to identify the relevant dimensions of technology or to measure it, although it is clear that there are large differences between, for example, personal computers and mainframes. The task to which the IT is applied also makes a difference. For example, a payroll system has greatly different functions and is likely to have different effects than an electronic mail system does. An early common prediction was that the widespread use of IT would replace most routine workers, thus causing massive unemployment, and in fact, systems have often been cost justified on the basis of reducing the number of employees. For instance, Lee (2000) cited a study of 33 companies in which 90 percent cut the number of employees (one company laying off thousands of workers) or increased their output with the same number of staff. The prediction of an overall reduction in employment due to the use of IT is difficult to support empirically, however, as most studies have, examined only a few firms or a few industries, and more comprehensive census data are difficult to interpret unequivocally. Furthermore, other factors may more strongly affect employment, thereby masking the effect of using IT. In fact, it is interesting to note that IT may, in some cases, increase rather than decrease employment. For instance, Barney, Fuerst, and Mata (1995) listed several means by which the use of IT may affect clerical employment. First, computers might be used simply to replace clerks. Second, the use of IT may itself create some new jobs, such as that of data entry clerks or positions in the data-processing department. Third, the use of computers may make the firm more efficient, increasing the demand for its products and thus indirectly its total level of employment. Finally, coordination may be viewed as a complementary input in the production process. For instance, if IT makes coordination more effective and less expensive, the demand for coordination and therefore for both IT and the clerks who provide it may increase. This analysis holds only for coordination functions, however, suggesting that clerks employed in production functions are more likely to be displaced by the use of IT. The total effect of using IT on the employment of managers may be less, as fewer managers are involved in production than in coordination. The jobs of most managers are so far less affected by the automation of production functions than are those of clerks. In this case, the smaller number of production workers and the unchanged number of managers and other coordination workers indicate that the administrative intensity (the ratio of administrative to production workers) may actually rise if IT is used to automate production functions. The use of IT would affect the jobs of workers in production more than those in coordination, again increasing administrative intensity. A number of studies agree with this general prediction. For instance, Kudyba and Hoptroff (2001) found that an increased use of computers is associated with higher levels of administrative intensity. One of Kudyba and Hoptroff (2001) original predictions is that the number of levels of hierarchy in organizations will decrease as computers are used to perform the functions of those middle managers. So far, however, there is no conclusive evidence that this prediction has been realized. Changes in levels of hierarchy seem to depend on the way the IT is used, and different studies have reported opposite findings. U. S.  Department of Commerce (1998), for example, discussed firms that are reducing bureaucratic functions with computers and thus trimming the number of levels of hierarchy. Another commonly discussed possibility is that centralizing decision making is inherently desirable to managers and that decentralization takes place only because no single person can control the necessary resources (e. g. , information, employees) because of limitations in humans information-processing capacity. These constraints force managers to delegate control over some decisions in order to focus on more important issues. The use of IT may lessen these constraints in two ways: first, by providing easier access to and facilitating more complete analyses of data regarding the firms operations and, second, by providing a mechanism to program jobs and to control workers. The use of IT may thus permit decisions to be made at a higher level and ensure their implementation by subordinates. Alternatively, a manager may want to encourage the decentralization of decisions in order to increase workers autonomy. Some authors have predicted that IT will encourage greater participation in decisions by lower-level workers. IT provides ways to control the premise of the decision, by allowing more equal access to data or by controlling the way in which a decision is made, and to monitor the results, by providing quicker feedback. Given the ability to ensure that decisions are made consistent with their wishes, managers may be willing to delegate the actual decision. Systems used to provide individual support may also encourage decentralization, as they enlarge an individuals capacity to analyze data or enforce the use of common decision analysis tools. IT can also support lateral ties between low-level workers, allowing them more easily to exchange information and thus coordinate their own activities. Another possible impact of using IT is the development of more differentiated or segmented jobs. Differentiation is difficult to define or measure precisely. Researchers in this area have measured, for example, the number of job titles used in a given organization or the number of different departments. It seems certain that using IT will require some new jobs and departments, such as a data-processing or telecommunications group, if only to manage the complex technology. Using IT in newspapers did lead to the creation of new specialties, such as data-processing manager. It is less clear how using IT will affect other functions in an organization. IT could lead to a reintegration of some tasks (e. g. , handling all aspects of issuing a letter of credit, instead of a single step in a multistep process). Such a reintegration would minimize the differentiation between jobs or departments. Or a higher level of functional specialization could raise the degree of differentiation. The use of IT can affect the level of formality in an organization in many ways. Most older centralized transaction-processing systems are inflexible. Because such systems can do things in only one way, rules are needed to limit actions to this process. The system itself embodies many rules about how the job should be done, again substituting the use of rules and regulations for individual decision making. A system may also make it easier to spot errors and identify their sources, thus further controlling work. Using IT may encourage the evaluation of outcomes instead of process and make the enforcement of rules both easier and less necessary by more quickly providing feedback about the outcomes of actions, thus decreasing formality. Finally, because smaller organizations are typically less formal, IT may lessen formality by reducing organizational size. The use of IT for individual support or for communications may well have different effects. On the one hand, using telecommunications to allow workers to work at home resulted in less personal interaction and therefore more formal evaluations. On the other hand, using IT could lead to less formalized interactions. IT can affect the pattern and content of organizational communications in many ways. First, the use of IT may lead to changes in the structure of an organization, leading to new patterns of communication or changes in the content or quantity of existing kinds of communication (U. S. Department of Commerce 1998). Integrating jobs, a possible outcome of using IT, can lead to fewer needs for communication, as a single person can do the job with no need to communicate with co-workers. For example, storing transaction data in a commonly accessible data base may make requests for information unnecessary. Such changes may also affect the level of social interactions. Some researchers claim that by integrating tasks, the use of IT eliminates the need and opportunity for workers to interact. For example, Ahituv and Giladi (1993) in a study of using electronic mail, discovered a decrease in the amount of face-to-face communication. Social isolation will be further increased if workers can work at home instead of in an office. On the other hand, the use of IT can lead to more frequent personal contacts, suggesting that different uses of IT will have very different effects. Second, IT may be used to provide new media for communication, such as electronic mail or computer conferencing, again leading to new patterns of communication. These kinds of systems have been somewhat more heavily studied, and some important characteristics of these systems have been identified. For example, computerized media may be preferable to other kinds of communication because they can be faster and cheaper. Furthermore, computerized communication has a low incremental cost per message; that is, it costs the sender about the same to send a message to one person as it does to two; if the system supports mailing lists, it may be as easy to send mail to hundreds of people, specifying only the name of the list. This form of bulk mailing eliminates the need for secretaries to duplicate and mail multiple copies of memos. Finally, electronic mail or conferencing are asynchronous: Only one of the recipients needs to be present at a time, making communications easier to arrange (e. g. , across time zones). By thus reducing the cost of communications, IT may make coordination less expensive, with the possible results just enumerated. Such uses of IT will be necessary to allow organizations to deal with the more complex and more turbulent post-industrial environment, with more available information. The ability to address communications by other than the name of the recipient (e. g. , to a mailing list for electronic mail or to a specific conference for computer conferencing) means that a sender may not know the person with whom he or she is communicating, but only the area of interest. Computers can be used to support this sort of communication. By providing new communications channels, computerized media may facilitate the formation of â€Å"weak† (acquaintance) ties. People become aware of one another and one anothers work, even though they have not met in person, thereby suggesting that the computer system allows these contacts to develop more easily. Easier formation of weak ties may also lead to a shift from hierarchical to â€Å"all-channel† communications in companies. Some studies have shown an initial increase in vertical communication, followed by a shift to more evenly distributed communications as new horizontal links are formed and the formal reporting system begins to decline in (relative) importance. One way that IT can affect the vertical distribution of power in a firm is by changing who has access to information. For example, a computer system may provide an easier way to monitor the results of subordinates actions and to speed the flow of information upward in the company, thus centralizing power. IT can also be used to decentralize, thus moving power down in the organization. For example, a universally accessible data base can reduce top managements monopoly on companywide information. The use of IT may thus change the basis of power by making information a less scarce resource. To the extent that vertical power is thereby equalized, other sources of power will become more important. The use of IT can also change the balance of power between groups at the same organizational level of a firm. For example, a common computer system may lead to greater data sharing and thus power equalization between groups at the same level. This cooperation may then lead to greater coordination, allowing better performance, as the two groups can jointly optimize, rather than each trying to do the best it can alone. As we mentioned, using IT can greatly increase the power of the group that controls the technology. IT may become critical to the firms operation: most banks, for example, would be completely unable to function if their computer systems failed. The group controlling the computer systems may also control access to data, a potentially scarce resource. The IT group thus may be in a position to mediate between other groups, for example, by setting corporate standards for computer equipment or software, thus defining the functions available even to users of personal computers. In the information-processing view, IT has a major effect, by providing cheaper coordination and thus making coordination-intensive forms more practical. A company might take advantage of economies of scale by creating larger functional departments, using IT to provide the necessary coordination among different groups. For example, different divisions of a company could all use data stored in one centralized data base, rather than each having partial information or passing information among themselves. Alternatively, a company could use marketlike structures, again coordinated by using IT. Airlines, for example, now provide an electronic marketplace for selling tickets. The era into which we are now entering will see qualitative changes wrought by information technology. No longer will information technology be simply overlaid onto existing business; it will now be used to restructure the enterprise. This restructuring is taking place between as well as within organizations. The boundary between customer and supplier is becoming difficult to define as electronic integration blurs the distinction. Within organizations, distinctions between information technology and production technology and between information workers and production workers are becoming increasingly difficult to maintain. The electronic communications system occupies the critical path. Communication by electronic means is essential to interorganizational integration and can proceed only at the pace permitted by communication technology. As we have seen, there appear to be few inevitable results of the use of IT and many possible outcomes, depending on factors such as the organizational context, the type of IT used, and managements motivations. Furthermore, the effects of IT are not deterministic: similar systems can and do have widely different effects, depending on the particulars of the organization and the intentions of the managers who deploy them. IT has come to play an important role in virtually all large successful organizations in relation to computerized accounting systems, word processing, filing information in databases, modelling the future of the business through spreadsheets, maintaining stock control, and so on. But most of this would only indicate that IT was an important service function like personnel or accounts. Even so, it is worth pointing out that in order to compete on equal terms with other firms performing with equal efficiency and economy IT has become an essential tool of modern management.

The Term Media Convergence Media Essay

The Term Media Convergence Media Essay What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to technology, and how has it affected everyday life? Media convergence brings technologies such as a computing, and communication, together, which is very important in businesses today. This reach, makes the everyday lives of individuals easier since they now have much easier access to information on the things or products that they want and need. The combining of these different technologies, allows a longer more intuitive reach of businesses among its markets. Some industry leaders see media convergence as marking the letting go of the old media of print and broadcasting. Then the rise of the new media; this is what makes the world go around, now and days. We depend on way to much technology in todays society; that if one major thing broke, we would surely be hurting. Media convergence has affected everyday life by making news easier to access. Instead of needing to watch TV or read a magazine to learn the days events, you can now go to the TV stations website and get headlines in real time. Media convergence is not just a shift or a process; it also includes shifts within the industrial and social aspects, which encourage the consumer to seek out information. Convergence is how individual consumers interact with each other on a level and use different media platforms to create new and better experiences, new forms of media that connect us socially, and not just to other consumers, but to the have more producers of media in ways that have not been as accessible in the past. What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to business, and how has it affected everyday life? Media convergence means that the lines are getting blurred between the traditional forms of media and they are almost becoming one. A decade ago, there were clear differences between different print media, TV, the internet in general. Now look at things: News papers and TV have web sites. Those web sites deliver news in almost real time complete with moving video and feeds formatted for smart phones. Movies are now available streaming on the internet TV shows are now available streaming on the internet. Viewers can participate in TV shows in real time via social media. Things are all converging into one big mass media. The electricity of the gadgets affects your focus, and it would let you sleep tight. The media convergence is something that the suppliers should offer cheap and not expensive to swindle the public. Faster speed would not give you faster delivery to your clients. Long calls are not mindful, stay tuned all day to the TV, wont give you better relationships, instead, you will become obese, lazy and full of debts , buying all the stuff of the advertising. These are just some ways that media convergence could affect in todays society. I am sure there are other ways of explaining this, but I find it a hard question to answer all the way around; considering being in a business model environment; is something I have yet to be in, so far. What are some of the issues that result from dependency on modern media? Describe at least three issues. High level of inaccuracies seems to be a major fault in the media today. This is where we get falsified information; and we tend to grasp a hold to that information as if it were the truth. According to various different studies, a large percentage of the public find error in the news stories of their daily news stories. This happens more than once in a week, while more see spelling mistakes, more often than usual. Also another large percentage of individuals, have found to become wearier of their local news and news papers. Poor coverage of important issues is another factor that plays a role in how media is affecting us negatively in the world. Our main focus should be the environment, economy, the government, education, etc. But the media tends to stray away from a lot of the good in this and just report the bad. I am guessing the bad is what is good for ratings? It seems that the major news and magazines have declined, while entertainment and actors/actresses have doubled. The me dia tends to have a short attention span as well. Seems now and days, in our society, the news media are more focused on news that isnt as important to their viewers. And they seem to ignore serious problems for a long period of time, and then they finally notice. Once they notice they try to get a solution to resolve the issue, and it is not easily fixed, and once again it gets ignored. How does media literacy help with responsible media consumption? Media Literacy A definition and framework for media literacy comes from Wikipedia. Powerful Voices for Kids Summer Media Literacy Program Media literacy is the process of accessing, analyzing, evaluating and creating messages in a wide variety of forms. It uses an inquiry-based instructional model that encourages people to ask questions about what they watch, see and read. Media literacy education is one means of developing media literacy. It provides tools to help people critically analyze messages to detect propaganda, censorship, and bias in news and public affairs programming (and the reasons for such), and to understand how structural features such as media ownership, or its funding model affect the information presented. Media literacy aims to enable people to be skillful creators and producers of media messages, both to facilitate an understanding as to the strengths and limitations of each medium, as well as to create independent media. Media literacy is an expanded concept ualization of literacy. By transforming the process of media consumption into an active and critical process, people gain greater awareness of the potential for misrepresentation and manipulation (especially through commercials and public relations techniques), and understand the role of mass media and participatory media in constructing views of reality. Media literacy educators strive to address a balance between protection and empowerment. Protectionist approaches to media literacy emphasize the need to be aware of the negative aspects of mass media and popular culture, including the dangers and risks of online social media. Empowerment approaches emphasize building media awareness, promoting critical analysis of media texts, tools and technologies, and using image, language, sound and digital media for self-expression, communication and social advocacy. Media literacy educators have neither utopian nor dystopian views about the potential of digital and social media to transform K-12 education. They emphasize the both value of analyzing media texts, tools and technologies and the practice of composing using multimedia forms, genres and technologies.

Drama Queens Present :: Television Entertainment Media Papers

Drama Queens Present In the past fifty years, the television-viewing world has experienced drama, romance, and attraction through the eyes of soap opera writers, creators, producers, and actors. Soap operas, also known as daytime dramas have been around and the talk of the town for more than half a decade. It all started in radio in the earlier part of the 1900s, then the excitement moved to television. The first television soap opera was â€Å"Guiding Light† and it began airing on radio stations in the 1930s. In 1956, it crossed over to television. The CBS radio station knew it had a hit on hits hands and decided to take a chance on television success (Jameson 35). Listeners accepted the trends, and soon more and more soap operas made their debut on television. Soap operas were better known from the beginning to be for stay at home moms, who cooked and cleaned all day. Their name, â€Å"soap opera† came from the origins of the sponsors that created the shows. In the beginning, the shows were extended advertisements for the soaps that the housewives would use. Once the dramas moved to television, they began to take on a larger audience. Today everything from birth control pills, laundry detergents, and children’s toys are advertised during the soap opera viewing hours (Pagewise, Inc.). Millions of viewers; college students, mothers, fathers, stay at home moms and dads, retirees, teenagers and the elderly are hooked on daytime drama between the hours of twelve and four waiting for their shows to come on. There has been such a change in audience and growth in the viewing since the dawn of soap operas on television: soap operas constitute a very large part of network daytime viewers. From the evil stepmother to the pretty blonde girl, soaps do not change much over the years. Even the latest drama, â€Å"Passions† has some of the same plot elements as the original â€Å"Guiding Light.† Soap operas still use good, evil, sex, scandal, and relationships as basic plot elements. Some good things never change. Daytime dramas will be around for years to come. Mothers pass soap opera stories on to their daughters, and the obsession continues to grow. Today, soap operas have become multimedia events. Many people prerecord their favorite soap operas for later viewing.

The Cold War Essay -- History, The Communist Bloc

At the conclusion of World War II, the United States of America emerged as the savior of Europe and became one of the leading global political powers of the subsequent age. Behind the â€Å"iron curtain† of Easter Europe, however, another superpower, the Soviet Union, which was seemingly the exact opposite of the United States in every way imaginable, exerted its force to instill and defend communism in its surrounding satellite states. The ideologies of these two countries displayed myriad incompatibilities, and over a period spanning the next four decades, the Soviet Union and the United States of America attempted to gain military, political, and social advantages over each other in order to preserve their systems of life. Especially with the advent of nuclear weapons and warfare, both of these nations saw the other as a perilous threat not only to the continuation of the ideals of democracy in America and Communism in The Soviet Union, but also to the lives of their inn ocent civilians. Countless numbers of historians have argued over the question of which superpower initiated the conflict, which Walter Lippmann coined â€Å"The Cold War† in his book of the same title, but a consensus has not yet been reached. In general, however, the events of the Cold War, which thankfully did not result in a military conflict, followed a specific pattern: The United States’ paranoia over the expansion of the Communist bloc encouraged them to develop new weapons and exert their influence in numerous struggles in Europe, Asia and the Middle East. The Soviets, seeing this American initiative as a threat, also escalated their weapons and military programs. Essentially, the origins of the Cold War can be traced back to the Russian Revolution of ... ...ation out, but rather those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest nation on earth has had to offer (Newman and Schmalbach 588). Due to this influx of anti-communist paranoia, the Loyalty Review Board, which performed investigations and background checks on over three million federal workers, was created. Additionally, the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 outlawed citizens from supporting any form of totalitarian government, established restrictions for confessed Communists, and created detention camps for those who did not comply. Lastly, the Un-American Activities Committee, which was created in 1939 to find Nazis, was reactivated in the forties to do the same for Communists. As already mentioned, paranoia was so hectic that this organization searched for Communists in the Boy Scouts and in the Hollywood industry (Newman and Schmalbach 559).

Lab Report Investigating the Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips and Acid when Variables are Changed :: essays research papers

Investigating the rate of reaction between marble chips and acid when variables are changed Aim: to find out how changing the concentration of acid by diluting it affects the rate of reaction. Planning: I will use marble chips and different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and water to see how it affects the rate of reaction. I will use 30ml of liquid made up of different concentrations of acid diluted with water. Introduction: I have decided to vary the concentration of the acid as my variable I could have chosen other variables to change such as changing the heat of the acid, the size of the marble chips and many others variables. The word equation for this reaction is Marble + Hydrochloric ïÆ'  , Carbon + Water + Calcium Chips Acid Dioxide Chloride and the symbol equation for this is CaCl + CO2 + H2O so CaCO + HCl ïÆ'  , CaCl + CO2 + H2O. Apparatus: A Stop Clock - To determine how long it takes to collect enough gas to fill the measuring cylinder. A Water Bath - To stop the water escaping from the measuring cylinder. A Measuring cylinder - To measure the amount of gas that is given off. A Chronicle Flask - Contains the marble chips, hydrochloric acid and the water that will make the reaction. A Tube - To connect the conical flask to the measuring cylinder. Method: Firstly, I will measure out 0.5 grams of powdered marble chips. Next I will measure out different concentrations of acid, these concentrations are, 30ml acid no water, 25ml acid 5ml water, 20ml acid 10ml water and 15ml acid 15ml water. I will then put the powdered marbled chips in the chronicle flask along with the acid and put the stopper on top. I will then record how long it takes for it to fill the measuring cylinder up. I will repeat each experiment 4 times so I can work out an average Prediction: I predict that when I have a higher concentration I will have a faster rate of reaction. I believe this is so because as you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting with more particles on the surface of the marble. So, this means that the higher the concentration of my acid the faster the reaction. Results: Test/acid strength 30ml acid no water 25ml acid 5ml water 20ml acid Lab Report Investigating the Rate of Reaction Between Marble Chips and Acid when Variables are Changed :: essays research papers Investigating the rate of reaction between marble chips and acid when variables are changed Aim: to find out how changing the concentration of acid by diluting it affects the rate of reaction. Planning: I will use marble chips and different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and water to see how it affects the rate of reaction. I will use 30ml of liquid made up of different concentrations of acid diluted with water. Introduction: I have decided to vary the concentration of the acid as my variable I could have chosen other variables to change such as changing the heat of the acid, the size of the marble chips and many others variables. The word equation for this reaction is Marble + Hydrochloric ïÆ'  , Carbon + Water + Calcium Chips Acid Dioxide Chloride and the symbol equation for this is CaCl + CO2 + H2O so CaCO + HCl ïÆ'  , CaCl + CO2 + H2O. Apparatus: A Stop Clock - To determine how long it takes to collect enough gas to fill the measuring cylinder. A Water Bath - To stop the water escaping from the measuring cylinder. A Measuring cylinder - To measure the amount of gas that is given off. A Chronicle Flask - Contains the marble chips, hydrochloric acid and the water that will make the reaction. A Tube - To connect the conical flask to the measuring cylinder. Method: Firstly, I will measure out 0.5 grams of powdered marble chips. Next I will measure out different concentrations of acid, these concentrations are, 30ml acid no water, 25ml acid 5ml water, 20ml acid 10ml water and 15ml acid 15ml water. I will then put the powdered marbled chips in the chronicle flask along with the acid and put the stopper on top. I will then record how long it takes for it to fill the measuring cylinder up. I will repeat each experiment 4 times so I can work out an average Prediction: I predict that when I have a higher concentration I will have a faster rate of reaction. I believe this is so because as you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting with more particles on the surface of the marble. So, this means that the higher the concentration of my acid the faster the reaction. Results: Test/acid strength 30ml acid no water 25ml acid 5ml water 20ml acid

Paul C?©zanne and His Influence on Cubism

Cubism can be, and has been, defined as the world's first style of abstract art. From it's lack of landscapes and foreshortening to the multitude of geometric forms, Cubist art can be quiet hard to analyze. An abundance of geometric shapes and monochromatic colors can blur the object â€Å"in focus†, and it's lack of three- dimensionality Just exacerbates the analysis process. But art wasn't always like this.Artists from the same and surrounding regions a few years prior were not creating art as abstract as the Cubists. In fact, the preceding artwork was neither abstract nor ambiguous in the slightest, so why the change? Cubist art deviated almost completely from the prior art forms, and at the forefront of this new form of art was a new way of thinking sparked by scientific findings by Albert Einstein and a Neo-limitations artist by the name of Paul CZane. CZane was born in Xix-en-Provence, France in 1839 into a wealthy family, which helped him succeed in the vicious world of art.Like most artists of his time, CZane attended college to study art, but was simultaneously enrolled at the University of Xix o study law under the command of his father. Following his dual enrollment, he enrolled in the Cadmime Issue to study paintings of artists. In the years to come, CZane experienced self-doubt, going between working at his father's banking firm and submerging himself into the critical world of art returning to Xix and going away to Paris respectively – before finally moving to Pontoons to study with Pissarro, a well- known artist. It was then that CZane realized that he was not to be accepted by the rest. 1874: the first exhibition of La Sociot Anomie Coopretire des Artistes, Painters, Sculptures, et Gravers – a group of rejected artists who soon after deemed themselves the Impressionists. CZane entered but was rejected from all of the other exhibitions except for the third. He was part of a new wave of artists who called themselves the Neo-el ementariness. L The first Neo-limitations artists were George Serrate and Paul Signal. Developed in the late 19th Century after the disbandment of Impressionist group La Sociot, Impressionists deviated from the unfinished style of the Impressionists and focused on the science of color.Their predecessors had a Ochs on color but more to convey reality through the eyes of the artist himself, objectively. Many put emphasis on the fleeting moment of time – some artists, such as Monet, used hasty dashed strokes of color on their canvas to depict such advances of time – while others focused on the perspectives of an object during different times of day – different lighting. Yet, they all had more to do with the depiction of a state of mind during an event; thus, each artist had their own personal style. The Neo- Impressionists, however, took a more scientific approach to art.They had a main Ochs on color much like the Impressionists, but, much like the Impressionists, had their own unique style. Georges Serrate was the closest of the Multimillionaires to Monet stylistically, nevertheless he differed greatly. Serrate coined his style of painting pointillism, meticulous plotting of paint in the form of monochromatic dots of equal size. 2 Scientific experiment and theory was used in Neo-limitations art, using optical principles of light and color to convey an ultimate reality. Scientifically, color occurs in the Networks Television. â€Å"Paul CZane. † Bio. Com. Http://www. Biography. Com/people/ (accessed).Philip E. Bishop and Margaret J. Man's. â€Å"The Industrial Age. † In Adventures in the Human Spirit it. 7th De. Boston: Pearson, 2014. Missiles region† of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is roughly from Mann to Mann in wavelength. Different shades of color were achieved by adding dots of pure color but of different wavelengths. The retina of the human eye is designed to average the wavelengths into one color, thus deciphe ring as a result, the divisions between objects as well: form was created through dots of color as opposed to lines. 3 Paul CZane took this technique of object simplification a little bit further.CZane never aligned well with the other Impressionist painters, so much so that he removed himself from the Impressionists in 1877 (after the third Sociot exhibition) and worked in isolation. It wasn't until almost twenty years later that CZane would publicly present his works of art. His differences with the Impressionist artists classified him as a Neo-limitations, but his style was much more radical than that of the other Neo-limitations artists. The depiction of modern life became popular during this time period and Neo-elementariness and Impressionists alike were creating work to convey such modernity.CZane, on the other hand, wanted to emphasize the difference between a painting and reality. L Techniques from the renaissance have been made commonplace thereafter. Foreshortening, the a rt of making an object smaller or larger to convey distance, for instance, was a major technique used by artists to create the illusion of distance, or the third dimension [z- axis], on a two-dimensional piece of canvas. Paul CZane felt that the use of illusionist took away from the media on which the artists paint.He abandoned the idea of perspective drawing and emphasized the flat, two-dimensional nature 0 accessed). 3 The Editors of UnicycleГdid Britannica. â€Å"Neo-lonesomeness (painting). † Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Http://www. Britannica. Com/Upchucked/topic/408661 [Neo-lonesomeness (accessed). Of canvas. Instead, subtle use of aerial perspective – usage of warm and cool colors of nature to convey the advancement and recession of objects in a painting – was common in Ccane's work; to CZane, the composition of color was the most important aspect of art. But despite this belief in color, he studied something else on which the Cubists in the years to come would base all art: the study of the armament structures of natural forms, namely the cylinder, sphere, and cone. Many times over and over, and perhaps one too many, CZane painted Mont Conservatoire after retreating home from the grueling Parisian art scene at the time. The small land mass Just outside of his small hometown of Xix, France painted between 1902 and 1904 is depicted as â€Å"[a] solid arrangement of masses and planes. What CZane had done was simplified objects, Mont Saints-Victor and the village/ town at its base, down to planes or shapes, otherwise known as reductionism. 2 He was very much into reductionism, and though he said that the composition of color as the most important, it seems as if reductionism was Just as important to him. Countless paintings by CZane during the first years of the twentieth displayed his style of reducing object to their â€Å"natural form. † La Sociot disbanded years after plethora of exhibitions due to ever-growing diffe rences in artistic outlook and, thus, style.After incessant urging by Pissarro, Monet, and Renoir – former members of La Sociot – CZane emerged from his nearly two full decades of self-quarantine and displayed many of his works. His work became increasingly popular among the public. The annual Salon des Mindpendants exhibition in Paris exhibited his work in 1899, 1901, and 1902, but the great man of Xix had an 0 2 Philip E. Bishop and Margaret J. Man's. â€Å"The Industrial Age. † In Adventures in the Human Spirit it. 7th De. Boston: Pearson, 2014. 4 â€Å"PAUL CГ?ZANE – THE CHATEAU AT MГ?DAN. † Paul CZane. Http www. Retaliatory. O m/art_appreciation/landscapes/Paul_Cezanne. HTML (accessed). Entire room dedicated to his work and his work alone in the exhibition of Salon autonomy in 1904. After Ccane's death on 22 October, 1906 due to illness, a large retrospective exhibition was held at the Salon autonomy in 1907. It was at this retrospecti ve exhibition where the young Pablo Picasso, co-founder of the next era of modern art, became enthralled by Ccane's work. It was the very shape that was most popular among works by CZane, the square, that became the derivation of the word describing the new modern art: Cubism†.At the start of the 20th Century, artists were dealing with a dilemma: how to properly depict a world changing at the speed of light. Formerly, artists were dealing with how to depict modern life Just as the Cubists were, but the change in depiction from that of Impressionists to Neo- Impressionists is going from life as people saw it (casual events) to the depiction of more personal moments with a radical change in color to convey emotion and mood. 5 However, the change from Neo-limitations art to Cubist art was much less conservative.In 1905, Albert Einstein and few other colleagues founded the theory of relativity in which Einstein stated that the laws of physics are the same everywhere and the speed of light is a constant. With this, Einstein concluded that no observer's experience of time is the same. 2 Man of this era was experiencing time more whimsically: technology is booming, the car industry is starting to take off, and more intercultural interactions were taking place. With each culture having their own idiosyncratic perspectives and thus the distortion of the truth. 6 So artists of this 0 5 Billionaire, Gallinule, and Peter Read. â€Å"Georges Braque's. In The Cubist Painters. Berkeley, Cilia. :university of California Press, 2004. 6 â€Å"Cubism: A New Vision. † www. Mad. Due. Http://www. Mad. Due/Wolfs/Academic/ Arteries/ art_philosophy/Humanities/Cubism/cubism forefronthtHTMLaccessed). tiTimeelt that they needed to depict life in their art as it was seen during their time: yshystericsskeptical, uncertain, confusing, analytical, relative, subjective. Everything is relative and subjective and so were the creations of the artists themselves. A couple of years l ater two young artists by the name Pablo Picasso and Georges BrBraque'sncountered this problem head-on.They felt that they had to depict life as such, but how were they to do that? Well, in 1907 at the Salon d'autonomyit was because of Czacane'sketch titled â€Å"The Bathers† that young Picasso became infatuated by his work. The treatment of the nude form in The Bathers influenced the nude form in PiPicassoeLesseDemolishes'Davidsonreatly. He flattened the form much like CzaZaneid and deconstructed the forms into a few planes, geometric shapes, and angles. Picasso in LeLesseDemolishesuch like CzaZanen The Bathers gave up tired traditions of modeling and foreshortening and embraced the flat surface of the canvas before him.BrBraque'spon seeing LeLesseDemolishesell into a state of shock. He disliked the techniques (or lack of techniques in BrBraque'seyes at the time) used by Picasso, but after many months looking back on the work, BrBraque'smbraced PiPicassotyle and created a wo rk of art similar to that of Picasso he titled â€Å"The Nude†. The two worked so closely together that it is said that their art was sometimes indistinguishable much like the art itself. This was the start of a beautiful partnership between him and Georges BrBraque'snd the start of Cubism. What people see Cubism as is the era of analytical cubism – analytical in that the art was supposed to be seen through â€Å"intellect†, not by the eye. The work by BrBraque'she called The HuHumanistst. 7t7thdDeBoston: Pearson, 2014. Portuguese, is essentially what Cubist art looked like for most of the period. It is a 46 1/4†³ x 32 1/4†³, oil-based painting on canvas painted in 1911. In a simple glimpse of the work, one can identify multiple natural-brown geometric shapes and planes overlapping one another. The outlining of the planes and shapes are painted in seemingly quick brushstrokes, thus, making it sketch-like in appearance.The planes make it seem that if to uched, the painting would cut due to its Jagged and rigid look, and, today, it can be viewed in the KuCountersunkn Basel. 2 This work of art is not easily discernible, even for scholars. Here BrBraque'sery vaguely and subtly aligns the lines outlining multiple overlapping planes to create an underlying triangle to guide he viewers â€Å"intellect† down the triangle to its base. It is at the peak of the triangle where BrBraque'sas places a seemingly triangular beam (perhaps a beam of light since the seem is lightly colored brown) shining down from the top right of the canvas on the peak of the main triangle.And at the beam's origin lies the letters â€Å"BAL† and the number â€Å"10,40†. â€Å"BAL† is shortened Portuguese for â€Å"dance† and 10,40 through historical analysis was evidently a drink tab. 2 And between the numbers and letters is the outlining of the basic geometric forms of a wine glass which, altogether, signifies that the setting is most probably in a bar. That same triangular beam also takes the â€Å"intellect† back to the underlying main triangle using subtle linear perspective to what seems to be a face shown in profile, the leftward most face, and directly in front of the face, the rightward most face.If one were to take this â€Å"intellect† down to the base of the main underlying triangle, one can see that there are many most overlapping planes and the colors have gone from light brown, up top, to dark brown on the bottom. A diagonal line from the leftward side of the triangle Juts down the canvas toward the bottom right to encompass (more like enentanglementif that ere a word) a circle with crossing horizontal lines which looks 2 Human SpSpiritt. 7t7thdDeBoston: Pearson, 2014. o Oe a guitar played by a person to which the face above belongs – few horizontal lines coming from the right side of the canvas toward the â€Å"guitar† gives the â€Å"intellect† a sign that th ose lines may be the performer's arms which are strumming the strings of the guitar. To emulate the fleeting affects of time, BrBraque'slaces multiple circles and horizontal lines around the aforementioned circle and lines. What can now be identified as a possible bar-room performer, is shown in multiple exposure – this is hat he/she is shown playing (giving the location of the guitar) from a plethora of angles/viewpoints.Artists of this time were well-versed in the sciences and mathematics. The belief that an artist should be knowledgeable of science and math dates back to the Renaissance. With knowledge of EiEinsteinheory of relativity and other findings, BrBraque'sortrayed this bar-room singer with a guitar in his of her most basic form in fleeting time through the usage of gegeometriclanes for form and the overlapping and repetitive patterns of planes and shapes to portray movement through time lelettingver so quickly in one glimpse.One glimpse of this work and you see an entire performance pass by before you could even discern what had taken place on that very piece of canvas. This is exactly what BrBraque'santed in fact. Through EiEinsteinnd his cocolleague'sindings, BrBraque'sonveyed his theory of relativity and space time through this work of art. 6 The value behind the object seems to be one of concern, concern for the time in which BrBraque'snd all of humanity in America and Europe due to the ever-changing and ever-increasing pace of life. Where is all of this going to take humanity?Where are all of us while this research and discovery is taking place? To BrBraque'snd other Cubists, we are right in the middle of it. Einstein defined space-time as a mesh in which the entirety of the universe in contained, not fluid in intervals of space-time, but warped and fluxed so that the change in time is variable – not 2 probable however, because Einstein is said to have said that God would never play dice with the creation of matter. 2 Time is so variable that BrBraque'sn one work of art, in one piece of space-time has portrayed this theory to hold true in that even a bar- oomomerformer is never stationary.His or her location is capricious and our perspective of the bar-room is Just as capricious as her location Just as life and our perspective of life is ever-changing with unprecedented speed due to the advancement of technology and scientific discovery. But where is CzaZanen all of this? Czacane'segacy remains in the work of the Cubists. His soul lies in the deconstruction of the form of the bar-room performer and his/her guitar. If one compares Czacane'saintings of Mont SaSaintsiVictorhe went from nearly painting he mountain exactly as he saw it to the mountain's basic underlying form: geometric shapes and planes.Czacane'snfluence can also be pinpointed in the multiple perspectives of the performer that BrBraque'sives us. CzaZaneiked to abstract art and so did the Cubists evidently. Also Czacane'seviation from perspective drawing, for which he is famously known, caught the interest of Cubists. He felt that a painting is not reality – it should not imitate reality but rather create reality we see/know it; therefore, a painting should not suggest depth or a third dimension. The surface of annovass two dimensional and so is art work that is to be put on any given piece of canvas, around which CzaZaneased his art work.He flattened space and emphasized decomposition and deconstruction of objects to twdimensionaleometric. BrBraque'snd Cubists took this and created what defined modern life as being perceived through multiple facets, confusing, fleeting, and analytical.