Prenatal Diagnosis for Abnormalities Detection

Prenatal Diagnosis for Abnormalities Detection PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS The incidence of major abnormalities apparent at birth is 2 to 3 percent. These anomalies cause a significant portion of neonatal deaths, more than a fourth of all pediatric hospital administration results from genetic disorders. Prenatal diagnosis is the science of identifying structural or functional abnormalities, birth defects in the fetus. With this information clinicians can hope to provide appropriate counseling and optimize outcome. Birth defects can arise in at least three ways. The malformation i.e structural fetal abnormality, then the deformation, then the third type is disruption. Sometimes multiple structural or developmental abnormalities occur together in one individual . A cluster of several abnormalities can be a syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis helps to detect these abnormalities. Thus prenatal diagnosis basically comprises of different techniques and methods used to determine any diseases or heath condition of the unborn fetus or embryo. SOME PROCEDURES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF FETAL 1)GENETIC 2) CHROMOSOMAL 3)STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES Amniocentesis Triple test Chorion villus sampling Cordoncentesis Ultrasonography Fetoscopy Maternal serum alpha feto protein Peri-implatation genetic diagnosis Fetal cell isolation from maternal blood 3-D or 4-D ultrasound with increased resolution a) Amniocentesis: This test is developed byRichard Dedrick .Examination of a sample of amniotic fluid makes possible the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and certain metabolic defects. The procedure can be used as early as 14th week of pregnancy when abortion of the fetus is still feasible. The diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities is made by culture and karyotyping of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid, and of metabolic defects by biochemical analysis of the fluid. Karyotyping is a test used to detect genetic problems. Before the procedure begins a local anesthetic is given to the mother to get relief from the pain, a needle is inserted into the abdominal wall and then the amniotic fluid is withdrawn. The fetal cells are distinguished from the extract and the cells are cultured in medium, further stained and examined under microscope for abnormalities. Amniocentesis is very accurate in detecting the abnormalities in fetus as well as to find the gender of the fetus, hence is banned in many countries. Amniocentesis is called for in the following circumstances if the parents are prepared to consider abortion. A mother aged 35 years or more (because of high risk of down’s syndrome with advanced maternal age). Patients who have had a child with Down’s syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities. Parents who are known to have chromosomal translocation. Parents who have had a child with metabolic defect-detectable by amniocentesis. The most commom are defects of the neural tube, anencephaly and spina bifida which can be detected by an elevation of alpha feto protein in amniotic fluid b) Chorionic villus sampling(CVS): This is another prenatal diagnosis used to find chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus. CVS was first described in China in the mid-1970s. This technique is also called as chorionic sampling. This is usually performed at 10 to 13 weeks of pregnancy. This new technique allows prenatal diagnosis at 9 to 11 weeks of pregnancy. By this test the chromosome status can be easily determined. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital abnormalities offers the parents the option of therapeutic abortion. Samples may be obtained transcervically or transabdominally, depending on which route allows easiest access to the placenta. Relative contraindications include vaginal bleeding or spotting, active genital tract infection, extreme uterine ante or retroflexion, or body habitus precluding easy uterine access or clear sonographic visualization of its contents. The indications for CVS are essentially the same as for amniocentesis, except for a few analysis that specif ically require either amniotic fluid or placental tissue. The primary advantage of villous biopsy is that results are available earlier in pregnancy, which lessens parental anxiety when results are normal. It also allows earlier and safer methods of pregnancy termination when results are abnormal. Complications of CVS are similar to those of amniocentesis. There is an understandable desire to perform CVS as early as possible. Technically, this can be done successfully as early as six weeks’ gestation. However, a few clusters of limb reduction defects have been reported following CVS, with a trend toward an increased incidence of these defects when CVS was done before nine weeks gestation. Subsequent, large epidemiological follow-up studies failed to confirm this association, but most clinicians delay this procedure until after 10 weeks gestation. The incidence of amniotic leakage or infection is less than 0.5 percent. c) Alpha fetoprotein: Neural tube defects can be detected by measurement of a specific protein of foetal origin called alpha fetoprotein in maternal blood and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. A neural tube defect is termed as a opening in the brain or spinal cord that occurs very early in the developmental stage of human. Neutral tube defects include spina bifida. d) Ultrasound: This can be used to visualize the foetus and detect many abnormalities of the foetus . Ultrasound is the method of choice for detection of anatomical problems (e.g. absent kidneys, spina bifida), but provides no information on the genetic constitution of a fetus. Maternal serum screening, alone or in combination with ultrasound, is often used to identify fetuses at risk of Down’s syndrome, but the definitive chromosomal diagnosis can only be made from fetal cells. e) Fetal cells from maternal blood can be isolated for prenatal diagnosis during pregnancy. Fetal trophoblast, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and nucleated red blood cells are studied. Generally, 1ml of maternal blood contains one fetal cell. f)Â  Peri-implantation genetic diagnosis(PGD): This is done by polar body biopsy, blastomere biopsy, trophectoderm biospsy. Polar body biopsy is done by removing first or second polar body in the preconceptional phase. Paternal genotypeis not assessed here. Blastomere biopsy –one or two cells are aspirated through a hole made in zona pellucida by mechanical, laser or chemical means. This does not effect the normal embryonic development. g)Â  Triple test: This is basically a screening test. It mainly detects the presence of three substances in the maternal blood, i.e of alpha feto-protein, human chorionic gonadotropin(hcp)which is basically a hormone in placenta, and estriol. The triple test detects the presence of high level or low level of these substances. Both high and low level can creat abnormalities. h)Â  Cordocentesis It is also called as Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling (PUBS), this is a test that mainly examines the blood from the fetus to detect fetal abnormalities. The procedure carried out is quite similar to amniocentesis. This test helps in finding any malfunction and abnormalities of the fetus. i)Â  Fetoscopy-This procedure provides a direct visualisation to the fetus, amniotic cavity, umbilical cord, and fetal side of placenta. It does this by ultrasound scanning. Here an endocope is inserted into the abdomen of the mother which acts as an analyzer. Thus many prenatal diagnosis are available nowadays which allows to detect any kind of abnormalities in the fetus. Once diagnosed, some genetic abnormalities can be treated with partial or complete success by medical and surgical measures. Genetic counseling can also have impact when individuals or couples at risk are identified.

Smoking and Cancer :: Argumentative Persuasive Example Essays

Perceived Risks of Heart Disease and Cancer Among Cigarette Smokers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cigarette smoking causes more preventable deaths from cancer than any other modifiable risk factor. Smokers who stop smoking increase the length of their lives substantially and reduce their risk of heart attack and cancer. However, many smokers still discount the increased risk they fact with continuing smoking. They are discounting their physician’s advice by being too optimistic that their chances of getting a life-threatening disease will be nil. There was a survey in 1995 of a probability sample of U.S. households to analyze smokers’ perceptions of their relative risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction (heart attack) and cancer in a nationally representative survey. Doctors Ayanian (Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Medicine) and Cleary (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. Conducted the survey. There were 3,031 adults aged 25 through 72 years, including 737 current smokers (24.3%) that took part in this survey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eligible people had to fill out a subsequent written questionnaire and a telephone interview. There were 3,487 eligible people but only 3,031 participated (70%) in the survey. The people surveyed had no history of myocardial infarction (heart attack) (96.2%) or cancer (92.9%).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The participants were asked if they are a regular smoker; and if they are, what is the largest amount consumed by them ever in one day. The people with no history of heart attached (myocardial infarction) or cancer were asked, â€Å" ‘ Do you think your risk of heart attack (or cancer) is higher, lower or about the same as other (men/women) your age?’ â€Å"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of the 3,031 participants, 737 (24.3%) were current smokers and 868 (28.6%) were former smokers. The current smokers were younger and had a higher number of women than the former smoker group. This was the same with the men in the current smoker group, they were younger and had a higher number of men than the former smoker group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The people who smoked in the survey were less likely to be married. They were also less likely to have graduated from high school than former smokers or non-smokers. The current smokers did not attend a regular check up with a doctor despite being in worse mental and physical health than a regular person. They also said that they had less control over their lives and less satisfaction with life than former smokers or non-smokers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the current smokers, the findings concluded that less than half of them felt that they were at an increased personal risk of heart disease (29%) or cancer (40%).

Symbolism :: essays research papers

Symbolism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In each of the three works Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, Lord of the Flies, written by William Golding, and â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar†, written by William Shakespeare all have a strong common characteristic. Keeping in mind each author came from different backgrounds and had very different motivations for writing each novel/play it’s ironic that in each story the main idea is redundant. Each of the three stories uses symbolism as a way to relate conflicts in the story to the conflicts in the real world. Symbolism in Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses symbolism in three important areas: objects that have symbolic value as references to ideas, characters that symbolize important religious and historical people, and the setting which frames conflict on the island in comparison to the whole world. (Bernard Oldsley, pg. 215)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many objects in the Lord of the Flies have symbolic value. The conch shell represents power and authority, Ralph uses the shell to call for the boys to come to the meetings, whoever has the shell has the power to talk. â€Å"The conch shows how people use objects to give power in the world, like a crown, ribbon, or other things that show who has power. We also learn that objects don’t really give a lot of power when people choose not to obey it, like Ralph’s conch.† (Steven Magill, pg. 2059)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pigs head of Lord of the Flies are both important objects, to Jack it’s a sacrifice for the beast. This object shows that people will make religions and rituals to control their world, even when what they think is not true. (Chris Dakins, pg. 123)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Lord of the Flies is also a symbol of Satan or the Devil. When Simon talked to the Lord of the Flies â€Å"he learned what the real evil was, which is in people’s hearts.† (Chelsea House, pg. 22). The Lord of the Flies is a symbol of the things we make up to be the cause for evil, when those things aren’t the real reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fire is a symbol of hope and rescue. When the fire was burning bright, it was because the boys were working very hard to get rescued. When the fire burned out it was because many boys, like Jack did not care anymore about being rescued. In the end, the fire that got them rescued was not meant for rescue it was there because Jack was burning down the island to kill Ralph.

Resto bar feadibility study Essay

Pinoy Restaurant Bar, the reason why we choose this name because Pinoy Resto Bar are few place you can reliably turn to for a meal serves Filipino Cuisine that is excellent and innovative. However, is almost never a problem at citizen easily of the reloved and be respected restaurants in the province both among foodists and chefs combining impiceable service and a modern atmosphere. We also considered some services like for the celebration of the program like graduation, wedding reception, christening, birthdays and etc Ilonggo Native Resto Bar (A Project Mini-Feasibility Study Proposal). Executive Summary Ilonggo Native Resto Bar is one of the leading food establishments here in Panay Island. The main branch of this restobar is located along the highway of the city of Iloilo, Diversion Road, Mandurriao. It opens from 10 am until 10 pm during weekdays and during weekends it opens from 10 pm until midnight. The whole structure of this restobar is made up of native bamboo, woven grass mat, four inch light weight natural fiber reinforced lime-pozzolanic concrete deck, lime plaster finish coat with broadcasted mica flakes and cobwall with carved out niches, daylighting screen, and rainwater harvesting from roof. It is like a tree house type of restobar and good place to dine. During night it offers a free live band, singers, and a pianist as an entertainer while dining. You will really enjoy the good taste of foods as well as the entertainment. It offers different specialties of native foods that are originated by pure iIonggos, seldom to the eye of some customers. It also offers drinks that are fresh, just like tuba, lambanog and rice wine. The target market of this restobar is the Ilonggo itself, foreigner and the Filipino â€Å"Balik-Bayan†. The competitors of this are those who are already offer native foods like Ponsyon by Breakthrough at Plazuela, Ted’s, Uncle Tom’s, Mang Inasal and Buto’t Balat. But the foods we offer has a great difference because of its signature dishes like sisig na kambing, linabugang manok, pinangat na gabi, ginataang talbos ng kamoteng kahoy,etc. Not only are the foods native and original but also the ambiance as well. You can really experience the nativeness of this certain restobar as you dine.

Elizabethan era architecture and interior design outline

Elizabethan era architecture and interior design outline BY Stucco 5 Architecture and Interior Design Outline Introduction The houses of the 19th century were considered as out nodded and poorly decorated. 1 . The main idea for a family home in the 19th century was an opened floor plan. 2. The main floor of a Victorian house included the porch, living room, and a dining kitchen. 3. Before the 19th century each room served its own purpose, such as a parlor, library, and 4. The number of sitting rooms. Bedrooms upstairs decreased because it was the new trend to have smaller families. The more smaller rooms you had in your house the warmer it would stay. B. During the 19th century rooms were decorated and painted in bold colors with wooden floors. 1 . Windows no longer carried long drapes that came down to the floor. 2. Bookshelves and wardrobes were then being built in. 3. This left the floor nice and clear for rearrangement of furniture and to hold various activities. 4. In Mission St yle homes wood furniture was suited best by complimenting the home. 5. The wooden furniture was also most affordable to the middle class and less fortunate. 6.The furniture lacked in comfort so people had to add throw pillows to the seats, and backs of the chairs, but the furniture did make up in durability. 7. This furniture was also used in schools, because of their durability. B. -continued- The art Nouveau Style of decoration was much more expensive so it was often found in the homes of the wealthy. 1. The designer of the furniture was the son of the most popular American Jeweler and silversmith. 2. The designers name was Louis Comfort Tiffany. 3. The decorative age â€Å"American Renaissance† took over in 1875, Louis C. Tiffany was a large factor in this takeover, with expensive taste. 5. Tiffany studied at New York City's National Academy of Arts and design. 6. Tiffany became an interior designer, who specialized in tiles, wall hangings, murals, and stained glass. 7. Hi s Job was to give character and personality to Victorian mansions, theaters, and churches. 8. Tiffany was very well paid. 9. His name soon became known as the biggest name in design and decoration. 10. The Tiffany were a father and son group. 11. The father (Charles Lewis Tiffany) owned Tiffany . C.For building the buildings during this time period they made the transition from iron frame to steel frame in 1880. 1 . During this time architects wanted to expand their creations so they started making the buildings taller. 2. In Chicago the first skyscraper was built. 3. The definition off skyscraper to an architect is † a metal frame building at least one-hundred feet tall. † 4. The home insurance building was the worlds first skyscraper, with only 12 stories. 5. Compared to the buildings now this nothing. 6. The Home Insurance Building was demolished in 1884.

Applications Of Chemical Equilibrium In Industrial Processes Environmental Sciences Essay

Applications Of Chemical Equilibrium In Industrial Processes Environmental Sciences Essay From the simple processes of dissolution and crystallization in a saturated sugar solution to a complicated industrial process of oxidation and reduction in industry chemical equilibrium plays a major role. Chemical equilibrium is the balance in the rate of two opposing reversible reactions with no change applied to the system with applied constant pressure and temperature. In a system where carbon monoxide is reacting with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide there will be quantity of carbon monoxide left in the solution for as long as the reaction is placed. This is due to this reaction being a reversible reaction, although carbon monoxide and oxygen gas are synthesizing to form carbon dioxide, a contradicting reversible reaction is taking place, the decomposition of carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide and oxygen gas. Figure 1: Chemical EquilibriumAs shown in Figure 1, in a reversible process, the rate of reaction for products turning into reactants [forward reaction] slows down a s more reactants are changed into products simultaneously the rate of reaction of products changing into reactants [backwards reaction] speeds up. At a certain time for a specific temperature and pressure, the rate of reaction for both would be equal with no further change in the system.reaction-rate-time-graph.gif Still, when the system is under influence of a change in temperature or pressure the reversible reaction would be affected. Le Chatelier’s principle generalizes this in â€Å"if a system in equilibrium is subjected to a stress the equilibrium will shift in the direction which tends to relive the stress†. (Le Chatelier’s Principle) If the system is under the influence of a temperature altering the system will oppose this change. If an increase in temperature causes the increase in the rate of an endothermic reaction then the system will oppose this reaction by lowering the temperature thus favoring the endothermic reaction. Similarly, if the decrease i n temperature increases the rate of the endothermic reaction, then the system opposes this stress by favoring the exothermic reaction. Pressure, is another variable contributing in affecting the state of equilibrium that affects gaseous reaction only. If an increase in pressure is applied, then the system opposes this change by aiming to lower the pressure favoring the side with less gas molecules. Likewise, if a decrease in pressure is applied then the system opposes this change by increasing the pressure favoring the side with more gaseous molecules. Several process in industry depend on Le Chatelier’s principle, the Haber-Posch process, the contact process, and the Ostwald process. In the Haber process nitrogen gas from air reacts with hydrogen gas from natural gas [mainly methane] in order to provide ammonia gas. Since ammonia is a crucial substance in agriculture for the manufacturing of fertilizers it is vital to produce as much as possible in the lowest time possible. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) is in equilibrium with 2 NH3(g) ΆH=-92KJ mol-1 The previous equation shows the chemical equation for the formation of ammonia. In order to obtain the highest amount of ammonia the reaction needs to be stimulated forward.

Al Hirschfeld's Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Al Hirschfeld's Art - Research Paper Example This made him become one of the most significant figures in contemporary art (Shea 4). Hirschfield was born in Missouri, St. Louis on June 21, 1903. His family moved to Manhattan when he was eleven, where he joined the Art Students League. On the tender age of seventeen, he already worked at Metro Goldwyn Pictures, later becoming the Selznick Studios artistic director. Hirschfield relocated from New York to France - Paris, where he expended much of his twenties studying art. He stood as a young man thriving through the art world in Paris and the theatrical world in New York when he toppled upon his passion (Shea 5). One evening in the year 1926, he went to a theater with his friend Richard Maney, the legendary promotional agent. During the show, Al Hirschfield sketched Sasha Guidry, the French actor on his program. Richard Maney recognized Hirschfield’s talent instantly and invigorated him to reconstruct the sketch on a sheet of paper. Richard sold the finished slice to the He rald Tribune (Niemi 7). Shortly, Hirschfield’s work appeared in the press. Drawn in the dimmed theater, his simple yet unique images caught the responsiveness of much of the publishing world. In 1929, he made a remarkable agreement work in New York Times. While working for the New York Times, the artist style gained unparalleled notoriety fetching synonymous with theatrical reputation. His aptitude to contain the spirit of an actor or a presentation in few lines made his exertion seem both honest and natural. Of his portraiture, Hepburn Katherine warned: â€Å"It tells the entire story - terrifying† (Clare Bell 38). For many, though, Hirschfield’s â€Å"the whole story† was their first exposure to a bigger audience. According to Channing Carol, he was accountable for jump - starting her profession. â€Å"Al Hirschfield picked me out of twenty nonentities in a little review named â€Å"Lend an Ear†, and placed me on the fore page of the New York Ti mes.† She added (Clare Bell 39). Throughout the 1940s, Hirschfield began to diversify as an artist, exemplifying books for authors including Fred Allen, Brooks Atkinson and S. J. Perlman. He continued to work on many artistic mediums including watercolor, etching, sculpture and lithography. By the 1950s, his imagining stood universally recognized as a Broadway fundamental part and the rest of the theatrical world (Clare Bell 11). In the year 1951, he initiated work on a book in which he was both the illustrator and author – â€Å"show business is no business†. He eventually sequentially introduced â€Å"the world of Hirschfield† in 1968 in which, he clarified much of his autobiography and process. More than 10 years later he published his third book in 1979 titled, â€Å"Hirschfield by Hirschfield†. During his long career, Hirschfield’s imagery has remained a keystone of the industry he adores with a passion. In their plain, unobtrusive manne r, they have spoken volumes concerning their subjects and have renowned the modern history of a significant American art. Between this actor and the critic, Hirschfield carved out a room for himself in American and global theatrical culture. Al Hirschfield died at the age of 99, on January 20th, 2003. Though his caricatures often distort and exaggerate the faces of his focuses, he become often labeled as being an essentially "nicer" caricaturist than numerous of his contemporaries and his appeasement